{"id":385,"date":"2019-11-28T17:23:35","date_gmt":"2019-11-28T17:23:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/?p=385"},"modified":"2019-11-30T00:33:37","modified_gmt":"2019-11-30T00:33:37","slug":"matter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/matter\/","title":{"rendered":"Matter"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Matter EASA module 02\" width=\"604\" height=\"340\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/zs5NQ23e_fI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_1-e1574961535425-791x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-386\" width=\"802\" height=\"1037\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_1-e1574961535425-791x1024.jpg 791w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_1-e1574961535425-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_1-e1574961535425-768x994.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_1-e1574961535425.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 802px) 100vw, 802px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_2-791x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-387\" width=\"790\" height=\"1022\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_2-791x1024.jpg 791w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_2-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_2-768x994.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_2.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_3-791x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-388\" width=\"806\" height=\"1043\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_3-791x1024.jpg 791w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_3-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_3-768x994.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_3.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 806px) 100vw, 806px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_4-791x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-389\" width=\"856\" height=\"1107\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_4-791x1024.jpg 791w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_4-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_4-768x994.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_4.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 856px) 100vw, 856px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_5-791x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-390\" width=\"817\" height=\"1057\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_5-791x1024.jpg 791w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_5-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_5-768x994.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_5.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 817px) 100vw, 817px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_6-791x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-391\" width=\"851\" height=\"1101\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_6-791x1024.jpg 791w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_6-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_6-768x994.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_6.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 851px) 100vw, 851px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_7-791x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-392\" width=\"848\" height=\"1097\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_7-791x1024.jpg 791w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_7-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_7-768x994.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_7.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 848px) 100vw, 848px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_8-791x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-393\" width=\"866\" height=\"1120\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_8-791x1024.jpg 791w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_8-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_8-768x994.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/Matter-module2_Page_8.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 866px) 100vw, 866px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a>Matter<\/a><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Matter is the word used to described what\nthings or objects are made of.&nbsp; Matter\ncan be solid, liquid or gaseous.&nbsp; Energy is\nthat which causes things to happen.&nbsp; As\nan example, electrical energy causes an electric motor to turn, which can cause\na weight to be moved, or lifted. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a>1.1.1&nbsp;\nSi\nunits<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As more and more &#8216;happenings&#8217; have been\nstudied, the subject of physics has grown, and physical laws have become\nestablished, usually being expressed in terms of mathematical formula, and\ngraphs.&nbsp; Physical laws are based on <strong>the<\/strong> <strong>basic<\/strong> quantities &#8211; <strong>length<\/strong>,<strong> mass<\/strong> and <strong>time<\/strong>,together with\ntemperature and electrical current.&nbsp;\nPhysical laws also involve other quantities which are <strong>derived<\/strong> from the basic quantities. What\nare these units?&nbsp; Over the years,\ndifferent nations have derived their own units (e.g. inches, pounds, minutes or\ncentimetres, grams and seconds), but an <strong>International<\/strong>\nSystem is now generally used &#8211; the SI system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The SI system is based on the metre (m),\nkilogram (kg) and second (s) system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a>1.1.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\nBase\nUnits<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>To understand what is meant by the term <strong>derived<\/strong> quantities or units consider\nthese examples;&nbsp; <strong>Area<\/strong> is calculated by <strong>multiplying<\/strong>\na length by another length, so the derived unit of area is metre<sup>2<\/sup> (m<sup>2<\/sup>).&nbsp; <strong>Speed<\/strong>\nis calculated by <strong>dividing<\/strong> distance\n(length) by time , so the derived unit is metre\/second (<sup>m<\/sup>\/<sub>s<\/sub>).&nbsp;&nbsp; Acceleration is change of speed divided by\ntime, so the derived unit is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p>Some examples are given below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Basic SI Units<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Length&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (L)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Metre&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (m)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mass&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (m)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Kilogram&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (kg)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Time&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  (t)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Second&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (s)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Temperature;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> Celsius&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (q)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Degree\nCelsius&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (\u00baC)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> Kelvin&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (T)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Kelvin&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (K)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Electric Current&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (I)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ampere&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (A)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Derived SI Units<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Area&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (A)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Square Metre&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (m<sup>2<\/sup>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Volume&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (V)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cubic Metre&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (m<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Density&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (r)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Kg\n\/ Cubic Metre&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Velocity&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (V)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Metre per second&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (m\/s)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Acceleration &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Metre\nper second per second&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (m\/s<sup>2<\/sup>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Momentum&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Kg\nmetre per second&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (kg.m\/s)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a>1.1.3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\nDerived\nUnits<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Some physical quantities have derived units\nwhich become rather complicated, and so are replaced with simple units created\nspecifically to represent the physical quantity.&nbsp; For example, force is mass multiplied by\nacceleration, which is logically kgm\/s<sup>2<\/sup> (kilogram metre per second\nper second), but this is replaced by the Newton (N).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Examples are:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Force&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (F)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Newton&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (N)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pressure&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (p)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pascal&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Pa)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Energy&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (E)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Joule&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (J)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Work&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (W)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Joule&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (J)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Power&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (P)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Watt&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (w)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Frequency&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hertz&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Hz)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note also that to avoid very large or small\nnumbers, multiples or sub-multiples are often used.&nbsp; For example;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1,000,000&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; =&nbsp;&nbsp;\n10<sup>6<\/sup>&nbsp;&nbsp; is replaced\nby&nbsp; &#8216;mega&#8217;&nbsp;&nbsp; (M)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1,000&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; =&nbsp;&nbsp;\n10<sup>3<\/sup>&nbsp;&nbsp; is replaced\nby&nbsp; &#8216;kilo&#8217; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (k)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1\/1000&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; =&nbsp;&nbsp;\n10<sup>-3<\/sup>&nbsp; is replaced\nby&nbsp; &#8216;milli&#8217; (m)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1\/1000,000&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; =&nbsp;&nbsp;\n10<sup>-6<\/sup>&nbsp; is replaced\nby&nbsp; &#8216;micro&#8217;&nbsp;&nbsp; (m)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a>1.1.4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\nMATTER\nAND ENERGY<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>By\ndefinition, <strong>matter<\/strong> is anything that\noccupies space and has mass. Therefore, the air, water and food you need to\nlive, as well as the aircraft you will maintain are all forms of matter. The\nLaw of Conservation states that matter cannot be created or destroyed.&nbsp; You can, however, change the characteristics\nof matter. When matter changes state, <strong>energy<\/strong>,\nwhich is the ability of matter to do work, can be extracted.&nbsp; For example, as coal is burned, it changes\nfrom a solid to a combustible gas, which produces heat energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"\"><tbody><tr><td>\n  <strong>CHEMICAL NATURE OF MATTER<\/strong>\n  In\n  order to better understand the characteristics of matter, it is typically\n  broken down to smaller units.&nbsp; The\n  smallest part of an element that can exist chemically is the <strong>atom.&nbsp;\n  <\/strong>The three subatomic particles that form atoms are<strong> protons<\/strong>, <strong>neutrons<\/strong> and <strong>electrons<\/strong>.\n  The positively charged protons and neutrally charged neutrons coexist in an\n  atom&#8217;s <strong>nucleus<\/strong>\n  <strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>\n  <\/td><td>\n  <strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  &nbsp;\n  <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The\nnegatively charged electrons orbit around the nucleus in orderly rings or\nshells.&nbsp; The hydrogen atom is the\nsimplest atom, It has one proton in the nucleus, and one electron.&nbsp; A slightly more complex atom is that of\noxygen which contains eight protons and eight neutrons in the nucleus and has\neight electrons orbiting around the nucleus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><a><\/a>There are currently 111 known elements or\natoms.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Each has an\nidentifiable number of protons, neutrons and electrons.&nbsp; In addition, every atom has its own<strong> atomic number<\/strong>, as well as its own <strong>atomic mass<\/strong>. The atomic <em>number<\/em> is calculated by the element\u2019s\nnumber of protons and the atomic <em>mass<\/em>\nby its number of \u2018nucleons\u2019, (protons and neutrons combined).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"\"><tbody><tr><td>\n  1\n  H\n  1.00\n  <\/td><td>\n  \n  <\/td><td>\n  &nbsp;\n  <\/td><td>\n  &nbsp;\n  <\/td><td>\n  Atomic &nbsp;Number&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \n  Element Symbol\n  Atomic Mass\n  <\/td><td>\n  &nbsp;\n  <\/td><td>\n  &nbsp;\n  <\/td><td>\n  &nbsp;\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  3\n  Li\n  6.94\n  <\/td><td>\n  4\n  Be\n  9.01\n  <\/td><td>\n  &nbsp;\n  <\/td><td>\n  &nbsp;\n  <\/td><td>\n  &nbsp;\n  <\/td><td>\n  &nbsp;\n  <\/td><td>\n  &nbsp;\n  <\/td><td>\n  &nbsp;\n  <\/td><td>\n  &nbsp;\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  11\n  Na\n  22.9\n  <\/td><td>\n  12\n  Mg\n  24.3\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  19\n  K\n  39.0\n  <\/td><td>\n  20\n  Ca\n  40.0\n  <\/td><td>\n  21\n  Sc\n  44.9\n  <\/td><td>\n  22\n  Ti\n  47.8\n  <\/td><td>\n  23\n  V\n  50.9\n  <\/td><td>\n  24\n  Cr\n  52.9\n  <\/td><td>\n  25\n  Mn\n  54.9\n  <\/td><td>\n  26\n  Fe\n  55.8\n  <\/td><td>\n  27\n  Co\n  58.9\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\n  37\n  <strong>Rb<\/strong>\n  85.4\n  <\/td><td>\n  38\n  Sr\n  87.6\n  <\/td><td>\n  39\n  Y\n  88.9\n  <\/td><td>\n  40\n  Zr\n  91.2\n  <\/td><td>\n  41\n  Nb\n  92.9\n  <\/td><td>\n  42\n  Mo\n  95.9\n  <\/td><td>\n  43\n  Tc\n  98.0\n  <\/td><td>\n  44\n  Ru\n  101.1\n  <\/td><td>\n  45\n  Rh\n  102.9\n  <\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Fig\n2.2&nbsp; Part of the Periodic Table<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a>1.1.5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\nMolecules<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Generally,\nwhen atoms bond together, they form a <strong>molecule<\/strong>.&nbsp; However, there are a few molecules that exist\nas single atoms. Two examples that are used during aircraft maintenance are<strong> helium<\/strong> and <strong>argon<\/strong>. All other molecules are made up of two or more atoms.&nbsp; For example, water (H2O) is made up of two atoms of\nhydrogen and one atom of oxygen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When\natoms bond together to form a molecule they share electrons. In the example of\nH2O, the\noxygen atom has six electrons in the outer (or valence) shell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However,\nthere is room for eight electrons. Therefore, one oxygen atom can combine with\ntwo hydrogen atoms by sharing the single electron from each hydrogen atom. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"\"><tbody><tr><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Fig 2.3&nbsp;&nbsp;\nWater (H<sub>2<\/sub>O) Atom<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a>1.1.6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\nPhysical\nNature of Matter<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Matter is composed of\nseveral molecules. The molecule is the smallest unit of substance that exhibits\nthe physical and chemical properties of the substance. Furthermore, all molecules\nof a particular substance are exactly alike and unique to that substance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Matter may only exist\nin one of three physical states, <strong>solid<\/strong>,<strong> liquid<\/strong> and <strong>gas<\/strong>. A physical state refers to the physical condition of a\ncompound and has no affect on a compound&#8217;s chemical structure. In other words,\nice water and steam are all H2O, and the same type of matter appears in all\nthese states.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All atoms and\nmolecules in matter are constantly in motion. This motion is caused by the heat\nenergy in the material.&nbsp; The degree of\nmotion determines the physical state of the matter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a>1.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\nStates<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a>1.2.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\nSolid<\/a> <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A solid\nhas a <strong>definite<\/strong> <strong>volume and shape<\/strong>, and is independent of its\ncontainer.&nbsp; For example, a rock that is\nput into a jar does not reshape itself to form to the jar.&nbsp; In a solid there is very little heat energy\nand, therefore, the molecules or atoms cannot move very far from their relative\nposition.&nbsp; For this reason, a solid is\nincompressible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a>1.2.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\nLiquid<\/a>&nbsp; <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>When heat\nenergy is added to solid matter, the molecular movement increases. This causes\nthe molecules to overcome their rigid shape.&nbsp;\nWhen a material changes from a solid to a liquid, the material&#8217;s volume\ndoes not significantly change.&nbsp; However,\nthe material will conform to the shape of the container it is held in.&nbsp; An example of this is a melting ice cube.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Liquids\nare also considered incompressible. Although the molecules of a liquid are\nfurther apart than those of a solid, they are still not far enough apart to\nmake compression possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><br>\nIn\na liquid, the molecules still partially bond together. This bonding force is\nknown as surface tension and prevents liquids from expanding and spreading out\nin all directions.&nbsp; Surface tension is\nevident when a container is slightly over filled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>FIGURE 2.4 \u2013\nOVERFILLED CONTAINER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a>1.2.3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\nGas<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As heat\nenergy is continually added to a material, the molecular movement increases\nfurther until the liquid reaches a point where surface tension can no longer\nhold the molecules in place.&nbsp; At this\npoint, the molecules escape as gas or vapour.&nbsp;\nThe amount of heat required to change a liquid to a gas varies with\ndifferent liquids and the amount of pressure a liquid is under. For example, at\na pressure that is lower than atmospheric, water boils at a temperature lower\nthan 100\u00ba C.&nbsp; Therefore, the boiling point\nof a liquid is said to vary directly with pressure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p>Gas differs from solids and\nliquids in the fact that they have neither definite shape nor definite\nvolume.&nbsp; Chemically, the molecules in a\ngas are exactly the same as they were in their solid or liquid state.&nbsp; However, because the molecules in a gas are\nspread out, gasses are compressible.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-385","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/385","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=385"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/385\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":433,"href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/385\/revisions\/433"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=385"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=385"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aircraftengineer.info\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=385"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}